公民權

公民權（英語：Citizenship）是指作为一个主权国家之成员的身份以及对其效忠的义务。

尽管在当今的英语世界中，公民权这一概念常常与国籍（nationality）所混淆，但国际法通常不使用“公民身份”一词来指代国籍；这两者在概念上是集体成员身份的不同维度。

一般来说，公民权不存在有效期一说，可允许个人在政治实体内工作、居住和投票，并认同该政治实体，可能还可以获得护照。但亦可能因歧视性法律，例如褫奪公權和种族隔离，使一些公民沦为二等公民。历史上，各个国家的人口大多由臣民组成，而公民权则是一种特殊的身份，它起源于城市人口的特权，例如城市和共和国（特别是古代城邦）中男性公民享有的权利，由此产生了公民体（civitas）以及市民阶层或资产阶级。此后，各国对公民权的范畴进行了扩大，使其大部分国民享有公民权，但各国公民所享有的权利程度有所不同。

注释

Helen Irving has noted that the term allegiance came to be employed as a synonym for citizenship to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the citizen to the state has increasingly become intended.

拓展阅读

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Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri; et al (编). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2023. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. September 5, 2023. 已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)

[3] Helen Irving has noted that the term allegiance came to be employed as a synonym for citizenship to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the citizen to the state has increasingly become intended.